Keynesian Economics For American Fiscal Policy - 2241 Words

Pragmatism reactionarily stems from the excesses of its past. The realization in United States politics that increasing government tax rates would not solve the economic malaise of high unemployment and rising inflation occurred in the late 1970s. Thus began a movement in the minority of economic thought suggesting the existence of a prudent alternative to the widely accepted theory of Keynesian economics for American fiscal policy. Though subtle at first, these ideas of supply-side economics gained traction quickly and reached the national stage with Ronald Reagan’s Inaugural address and promise to end the troubles of stagflation and begin the â€Å"[reawakening of] this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to†¦show more content†¦The crux of Ronald Reagan’s economic policy, the tax cuts, paved the road for success in the improvement of the economy. The promised effect of an increase in federal revenues and reduction in the cost of c apital for America’s private sector necessitated the lowering of marginal tax rates that occurred in Ronald Reagan’s first term. The embodiment of these reductions and much of the credit for the economic rebound of the mid 1980s can be assigned to the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut Act of 1981. Reagan’s trickle down economics strategy held underpinnings in his belief that the nation’s wealthiest individuals and captains of industry had been disincentivized to earn more money from the oppressive tax rates of his predecessors. Accordingly, Kemp-Roth cut the top tax rate from 70% to 50% as recognition of the disproportionate financial capability of the nation’s top earners to reintroduce prosperity. Additionally, Kemp-Roth provided benefits to the affluent by increasing the estate tax exemption from $175,000 to $600,000 and by increasing deductions therein to further circumvent the re-taxation of hereditary wealth. While Reagan entrusted the top tax bracket with t he responsibility of spending these funds as part of his plan to end the prolonged period of unemployment, Reagan also included provisions in the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut that affected all workers by removing

The Struggle For Gender Equality - 1800 Words

Is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Previous to the twentieth century, women were unable to vote in Europe, which contributed towards a disparity between genders. Early twentieth century saw the majority of working class women’s lives across Europe revolving around household and family duties, with the education world being closed to them and the opportunity of having a job restricted. This immediately shows an inequality and divide between women and men, showing evidence that woman was living ‘in a man’s world’. However things began to evolve during the twentieth century as it witnessed many European countries in giving women the political right to vote. Primarily, Finland gave women the vote in 1906, Britain followed although not until 1928, and Italy finally accepted women should vote in 1945. Although the passing of these laws demonstrate emancipation towards women, is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Essen tially the struggle for gender equality was not completely triumphant during the twentieth century, as although women were successful in gaining the vote, this was only one aspect towards achieving gender equality. Firstly in Britain in 1894, the Local Government Act allowed women who own property to vote locally, however it was only a small amount of women who this concerned, therefore had littleShow MoreRelatedDamned If I Don t : Women s Struggle For Gender Equality1586 Words   |  7 Pages201 April 27, 2015 Damned if I Do, Damned if I Don’t: Women’s Struggle for Gender Equality Inequality between men and women has been occurring since the beginning of time. Over the years, activists for feminism have fought to close the gender gap that has put a setback on all aspects of a woman’s life. From marriage, to work, politics, and even parenting, sexism plays a key role in shaping the lives of those around it. Gender expectations are a cruel part of society that affect many aspectsRead MoreThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many women are killed because of the â€Å"Honor crimes†. Women cannot have an abortion easily. Also, they cannot go out alone or live alone either. There are too many situations that women face in Turkey. Also women have rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, vote, work with fair wages or equal pay, own property, education and have marital and par ental rights. Even most of their rights are protected by legalRead MoreIntroduction. Women Across The World Struggle To Make Their1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Women across the world struggle to make their voices heard so that today’s challenges can be an aspiration in equality for the future. To understand the struggle women are facing around the world, individuals look to feminists and conflict theories that empower and drive domination and oppression. Feminist theorists like West and Zimmerman, MacKinnon, and Smith defend women’s rights and call for an open and organized society that promotes equality for all genders, ethnic, cultural, and religiousRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1012 Words   |  5 PagesWithin today’s society, the word ‘feminism’ is commonly misinterpreted. Feminism is the support for equality of genders throughout society, including the elimination of gender stereotypes and gender roles. While Ralph Ellison incorporates ‘the Brotherhood’ in Invisible Man, which is supposed to advocate for equality, the members of the group still do not put focus on the feminist m ovement. Women are sexualized, objectified, and not seen as equal to men on countless occasions. In Invisible Man, RalphRead MoreFeminism : A Controversial Issue1304 Words   |  6 Pages In recent discussions on Feminism, a controversial issue has been that the term itself attracts negative attention, despite its endless efforts towards equality for both genders. On one hand, some argue the word should be changed to a more appropriate term that doesn’t attract hostile viewpoints. On the other hand, others argue the word should remain the same, however, people should be educated on the actual intentions of feminism—and not base their understandings off of the recent misguided interpretationsRead MoreWhy Do People Struggle For Accept Those Who Are Different From Themselves?1479 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people struggle to accept those who are different from themselves? As one of many age old questions, examples of discrimination have been traced throughout history f or ages. There are many categories of discrimination and inequality, including those aimed at people due to their race, sexual orientation, and gender. Gender inequality in specific has gone through a vast amount of changes, especially as women eventually began to speak out against the rules and laws that bound them. They protestedRead MoreThe Left Hand Of Darkness1538 Words   |  7 PagesAi’s Journey That Lead To Equality Ursula K Le Guin once stated that â€Å"I am a man. Now you may think I’ve made some kind of silly mistake about gender, or maybe that I’m trying to fool you, because my first name ends in a, and I own three bras, and I’ve been pregnant five times, and other things like that that you might have noticed, little details† (The Wave In the Mind pg 3) discloses that no matter what â€Å"role† is placed on a gender, it is paramount to preserve equality and acceptance. In mostRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 Pageswhich states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. 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The country of Eritrea face s the central issue of unequal rights of women and gender minorities. Unequal rights in Eritrea include treating women poorly, in a country that has declared gender disparity against women unconstitutional, and depriving women of their natural rights

Competition Policy Role in Country Economic Development - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competition Policy Role in Country Economic Development. Answer: Competition Policy Role in Countrys Economic Development Competition describes the rivalry among the companies in marketplace and stretches to the envisaged and potential rivalry. On the other hand, competition policy describes the government policy that preserve or promote the competition among the players in the market as well as promote additional government policies as well as process which allow development of competitive environment (Lipczynski, Wilson and Goddard 2005). Competition policy plays a key role in economic development of any economy. To be efficient and effective in supporting the process of development, competition policy and law (CLP) should be supported as well as compatible with additional complementary pro-development polices which is able to bear on the countrys economic development. Competition policy has 2 key instruments. The 1st instrument is the competition law that encompass the rules to restrict anti-competitive market and enforcement mechanism like an authority. The 2nd key instrument is the competition advocacy which is especially significant in interface with additional economic policies. The developing economies are often beset by a range of obstacles to competition. An urgent need is required for an effective competition policy and law. Owing to a range of market features and legal as well as challenges in enforcement, it remains harder to undertake the implementation of competition law and policy in the developing economies than in developed economies. The uncompetitive markets remain a greater problem in the developing economies. The need for effective competition law enforcement remains great. Competition policy has a direct effects of increasing efficiency. The indirect effects of competition policy is strengthening the impact of policies promoting the economic development for example, the indirect effects will include strengthening impact of policies promoting economic development including investment and FDI; financial development; international trade; economic policies (private sector development, institutional reform, policies-health and education). The final macro-level objective of competition policy in terms of economic development is the sustained increases in the human welfare for as many as feasible (White 2008). The competition law and its enforcement as one of the instrument of competition policy, lead to the direct effect of freer competition culminating in enhanced efficiency and higher consumer welfare. Extent Competition Policy/Legislation Deterred Anti-Competitive Behavior in SA Competition policy is a portion of novel international orthodoxy in the economic policy, and concurrently, was perceived in SA as a vital aspect of economic transformation. The competition authority in South Africa has been assisting the private sector to be a level playing ground, free from the type pf prices and quality manipulation which keeps certain companies thriving, whereas others struggling to make entry or make any type of headway in the industries. The barriers to entry in SAs markets have come down and the authority has created the environment for prices to decline and quality to improve. For example, the intervention of the SAs Competition Commission and Competition Tribunal in the soda ash market culminate in SA becoming the global lowest-priced soda ash producer. This created the soda ash consumers influx from Kenya, America and India thereby benefiting SA soda ash industry. The competition authority intervened in the concrete pipes industry where the prices were influenced by a concrete pipes cartel encompassing Aveng Africa, Conrite Walls, and Southern Pipeline Contractors. Such anti-competitive was eliminated thereby leading to a fall in prices of concrete pipes after the tribunal intervention that disbanded the cartel in year 2007 between 25-and 30%. This is because five novel firms made entry to the market in regions that were reserved initially for the members of the cartel. The former members of cartel had to expand their geographic regions of operations thereby bringing competitive commodity choices to consumers who were initially limited by outputs of cartel. The prices of concrete dropped by 37.0% and 27.0% in Durban and Johannesburg from mid-2009 to mid-2011. This was a typical case of consumer being overpriced in the course of cartel existence. The dramatic reduction in drug price for the treatment of HIV/AIDS following the commissions finding that key international drug firms were overpricing. The efforts of the commission in conjunction with NGOS as well as foundation saw the improvement in QoL of several South Africans, assisting them to remain active contributors to the SAs economy (Competition Act 89 of 1998). The prohibition of the merger between Pick n Pay with Fruit Veg by the commissions further removed the anti-competitive behaviors as can be observed when visiting Food Lovers Market. The work of the commission has been due to strategic and deliberate emphasis on industries with hugest potential to deliver SAs economic development like agro-chemicals processing, food and construction. References Competition Act 89 of 1998. Lipczynski, J., Wilson, J. and Goddard, J., 2005. Industrial organization: competition, strategy, policy (p. 780). Pearson Education Limited, Prentice Hall, London. White, L.J., 2008. The role of competition policy in the promotion of economic growth.