Single

Presentation Teaching and learning includes something other than collaboration among students and their educators. It is in this way important to see each gathering engaged with the learning procedure and how their interest in learning influences the general training of learners.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Single-sex Classes explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some issues in instruction emerge as a result of the training strategies set up by those commanded to decide the course of training of a country or by the social acts of a country or religion. Single-sex training is a significant issue basic in Middle East nations which are prevalently Islamic; in any case, this issue has never gotten a lot of consideration it merits particularly in those nations that training it. It is frequently accepted that the goal of giving instruction to kids is to set them up prevail in their lives, yet the vast majority are not cognizant on what causes a kid to grow adequately through proper training. It has been fervently bantered with regards to whether instruction frameworks or offices should be carefully single-sex or multi-sex. Saudi Arabia is one of the nations which carefully receive single-sex training from rudimentary level to establishments of higher learning. Single-sex/single-sexual orientation training alludes to instruction or educational system where male and female students learn in independent classes (Joshi, Leonard Sullivan, 2010). This could be in isolated schools or structures. Single-sex classes have been received in numerous districts over the globe and are to a great extent dependent on custom and religion of the way of life where they exists (Sullivan, 2009). Single-sex instruction in Saudi Arabia Most schools in the Middle East are single-sex schools. In such cases, each school concedes young ladies or young men only. This is normal in Saudi Arabia where I rehearsed as an instructor for a long time. Impact of r eligion on Saudi Arabian training framework In Saudi Arabia, Sharia is the law, and in this manner, students go to sex-isolated state funded schools since Islamic religion is against social communication that happens between ladies/young ladies and male non-family members, especially between those are who so far not wedded. In Islam, guaranteeing that young ladies are not seen by men is an ethicalness and apparently encourages unobtrusiveness and regard, and accomplishes respect inside a family (Dilek, 2000). The nation follows Wahhabism understanding of the religion which is notable for its sharp perception of isolation of sexes.Advertising Looking for paper on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Education guarantees severe partition among young men and young ladies in both open and some tuition based schools. All standard just as government financed schools are single sex all through th e nation, and are guided by Islamic strict principles. In this nation, it is even off-base for young men and young ladies to swim in a similar pool. Isolation strategy of Saudi Arabian instruction According to the strategies (Article 155) of the Ministry of Education all students from four years or more need to go to single-sex classes (Johnson, 2010). The arrangement outlaws consolidating of young men and young ladies in single homerooms in state funded schools, and all schools in Saudi Arabia which work under the Sharia law or are government financed. It is just kindergartens and nurseries just as outside universal tuition based schools where blended sex classes are permitted. This isolation is established on Islamic strict column which perceives that every sexual orientation was doled out various obligations by God, and consequently, ought to be given training that suits the sex jobs (Hamdan, 2005). Moreover, they must be instructed by an educator of a similar sex. This likewise applies to students in global schools which are subsidized either completely or somewhat by the Saudi Arabian government. As indicated by Johnson (2010) the choice to incorporate universal schools under the isolation strategy was reported in the Saudi Gazette in October 2010. This came to fruition because of the expanding number of students of Saudi beginning joining universal schools in the nation. The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Education guarantees that these schools hold fast to guidelines just as Islamic standards and practices. Single-sex classes and science educational plan Single-sex training framework shaped based on religion depends on the possibility that there are contrasts in guys and females which make men more reasonable for specific hard errands than ladies. Accordingly, guys would for the most part perform superior to ladies in science, science, material science, geology, just as, expressions training. Then again, females are accepted to perform better in science, dia lects just as painstaking work when contrasted with guys. These generalizations demoralize female students from seeking after material science and arithmetic subjects just as related courses when they join organizations of higher learning. Impact of strict isolation on arithmetic and science subjects Since young ladies and young men minds create in various directions, single-sex training requires arithmetic educational program that embraces diverse showing techniques for all-young men homerooms and all-young ladies study halls. In any case, not many instructors incorporating those in Saudi Arabia have obtained formal preparing to apply sexual orientation explicit showing strategies, implying that they may not give training that explicitly benefits the sex they are managing. This implies those responsible for creating arithmetic educational plan need to deliver educational plan that considers the learning contrasts that exist among young men and young ladies, and offers certainty to young ladies in science and sciences.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Single-sex Classes explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stereotypical perspective on arithmetic According to Novotney (2011) past examinations have demonstrated that young ladies don't confide in their capacity to develop their math abilities when confronted with troublesome scientific issues. This originates from the conviction made in them when setting up single-sex schools, that young ladies have lower capacities in arithmetic and science than young men. As such, young ladies in single-sex schools have cliché perspective on arithmetic. In Saudi Arabia, young ladies are educated carefully by female instructors, who may have procured the conviction that science subjects and arithmetic are manly. This implies they likewise move information constrained to their ability and view of what young ladies should know in those subjects. Decreased inspiration and trust in arithmetic Since young ladies don't learn with young men in a similar study hall, they come up short on the soul of positive rivalry to assist them with improving their insight in science, and consequently their evaluations. Furthermore, young ladies in an unadulterated girls’ school don't have the young men, whom they accept are superior to them in science, to urge them to create inspirational demeanor towards arithmetic or assist them with creating trust in tackling complex undertakings in Mathematics. Smyth (2010) affirms that young men contribute incredibly towards study hall connection. This infers they are regularly incapable to create goals and confidence in arithmetic and science subjects, particularly in training frameworks which are established on the possibility that young ladies have lower capacity to act in these subjects. As per Smyth (2010) past investigations have indicated that young ladies will in general view arithmetic and material science as manly, and this imparts dread and negative mentality towards the subjects in them. Importance of single-sex classes to instruction Sex generalizing and segregation Single-sex classes is of genuine worry as it adds up to sexual orientation separation. It is an infringement of learners’ social liberties based on sex. The two young men and young ladies are influenced by single-sex classes despite the fact that young ladies are increasingly impeded. Past investigations have indicated that the severe partition of genders in schools or classes prompts sex generalizing just as sex separation which thus influences learners’ scholastic accomplishment. Isolating young ladies and young men creates scorn just as dread among them, and subsequently, forestalls cross correspondence. Low accomplishment in arithmetic among young ladies More significantly, it diminishes the degree of adapting particularly in female students, in arithmetic and science subjects. Science and arithmetic accomplishment have become noteworthy pointers of national financial just as political quality (Stanberry, 2010). Smyth (2010) reports that there are normally no sex inconsistencies in science among kids who have not joined school; notwithstanding, this just happens in center school years onwards. Sexual orientation awkwardness in the general public In instruction framework where single-sex classes are made required due to the conviction that young ladies have lower capacities in arithmetic, and science subjects, just as, to save social qualities, young ladies will in general seek after expressions courses and courses identified with their sex jobs in that specific culture. This prompts low degree of support of ladies in specialized fields of study and employments, and subsequently, making sexual orientation awkwardness among men and women.Advertising Searching for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In such social orders, ladies are not engaged to accomplish their most extreme potential. Young ladies are significantly given instruction that compares to their sexual orientation jobs in that society, which are related with customary and strict lessons of that society. In Saudi Arabia for instance, the instruction and preparing gave to young ladies and ladies guarantees that their degree of skill is consistently substandard compared to that of men. Thus, they for the most part involve subordinate situations in working environments and initiative situations since they frequently have below average

Investigation of the Polar Dinosaur Essays -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Examination of the Polar Dinosaur Today we know through the proof of fossils that dinosaur and other enormous reptiles once lived on each landmass on earth. In the event that you were a scientist responsible for discovering fossils where might you look first? In the quest for proof the frosty landmass of Antarctica would be maybe the last mainland you would think to look. Be that as it may, during the most recent twenty years a wonderful number of ancient fossils have been found in areas near the South Pole. Starting in 1960 with an undertaking lead by a man named Spitzbergen, fossilized impressions from non-avian dinosaur indicated the area once had a definitely unique atmosphere. In the years that followed progressively fossilized remains were gathered in exorbitant endeavors, frequently to remote territories close to the north and South Pole. Be that as it may, each find can introduce one of a kind data about physiological adjustments different types of life made to polar scope temperatures during the Mesozoic per iod. An article â€Å"Polar Dinosaurs† by Thomas H. Wealthy in Science, distributed in February of 2002, investigates the fossil proof and presents the accompanying thoughts regarding nature and the sorts of animals who lived and adjusted to the occasional conditions present at these polar scopes. The ice fields of the North Slope of Alaska we realize today are thought to have had temperatures going from 13-2 degrees Celsius during the Cretaceous time frame. This speculation depends on proof from blooming plants, and leaf fossils found from the late Cretaceous found in the district. So life around the shafts existed in an atmosphere like that of Portland, Oregon, which has a mean temperature of 12 degrees, and may have gotten as cold as Alberta Canada’s normal of ... ...uld have most likely been inconceivable for life in the Antarctic where an enormous seaway in the long run created cutting southeastern Australia from Antarctica. The examination of polar dinosaurs proceeds with the exhuming of another site in northern Alaska close to the Colville River. Scientistss have found an immense, 100 km, chunk of rock that traverses the last 40 million years of the Mesozoic time. Investigation of this site through burrowing is accepted to introduce a progressively broad record of polar dinosaurs as they were over the Jurassic and Cretaceous time frames. (1) Works Cited 1) Rich, T.H., P. Vickers-Rich and R.A. Gangloff, February 2002, Polar Dinosaurs. Science 295:979-980. 2) Mayell, Hillary, Researchers Melt Polar Dinosaur Mysteries, National Geographic, Febuary 2002, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/02/0225_0225_polardinos.html

Essays About Yourself - How to Express Yourself Using Writing Essays

Essays About Yourself - How to Express Yourself Using Writing EssaysIn fact, writing essays about yourself can be a really good way to express your individuality and your personality. You may also try to explore the inner workings of your mind so you can learn how to become a better person. This is what a lot of students do when they are writing essays about themselves.They learn how to relax. A lot of people try to avoid the areas that cause stress in their life. They want to avoid thinking about their problems and fears because they don't want to cause any more stress. But there is a good thing about stress; it will actually help you become a better person. As long as you are able to handle your own stress, you will eventually be able to handle other people's stress as well.Another thing that you can learn from self-reflection is that you are not always right. Sometimes you may just be reacting to the information that is given to you rather than taking the time to think for yoursel f. You may also try to write down your own words and reactions to see what is really going on inside your head. Of course, you have to make sure that you will know exactly what is coming up so you can decide how to react.Self-reflection is something that you can do all the time. You just have to be honest with yourself. All you have to do is write down what is on your mind. There is no point in trying to make yourself look like a fool when you are writing essays about yourself.Remember that this kind of reflection is a good thing because it gives you a chance to check what you have learned. It also gives you an opportunity to evaluate the information that you read. You can ask yourself questions like 'Is what I have learned true or is it just another theory that I have learned?' Most of the time, the theories that you have learned will not make you a better person.In writing essays about yourself, you should always include a summary of the essay. It is a good idea to write down the points that you would like to address and then make a table for yourself that includes the topics that you want to cover. The summary can be something that you include but not the whole essay. In fact, you can include only the summary of the essay. The summary will give you a chance to review what you have learned so far.You also have to be aware that you cannot rely on what you read in the books or the teachers in order to teach you how to write an essay. As long as you want to learn how to write an essay, you have to put your own unique twist on the topic. Do not rely on what others have written. It is good that you can understand them but it will be useless if you just follow what they wrote down.You have to be creative and have a unique twist on the topic. Writing essays about yourself does not have to be hard. If you give yourself the time that you need, you will be able to express yourself in a very interesting way.

Cross-Cultural Healthcare Essay - 550 Words

Cross-Cultural Healthcare (Essay Sample) Content: Cross-Cultural HealthcareName:Institutional Affiliation:Cross-Cultural HealthcareThe video clip has featured an interaction between a healthcare practitioner and a Chinese patient (University of Michigan, n.d.). From the onset, it is clear that the interaction will be characterized by cultural impacts. However, there are some things that the healthcare professional did well. The goal was to curtail the capacity of the cultural differences in determining the quality of the interaction. During the first stage of the interaction, the healthcare professional ensures that there is proper introduction as well as clear elucidation of the health issue at hand. The professional proceeds to fashion an environment that is conducive for the patient to elaborate on their health issue. Moreover, the patient can also detail the steps previously undertaken to address the health issue.The professional has ensured that she does not have any bias towards the approaches that have been ad opted by the patient prior to seeking medical attention. To some extent, the healthcare professional has ensured that the patient has provided sufficient information regarding the culturally supported remedies that were used. A critical element is the need to ensure that the patient feels that his/her views have been accepted by the healthcare professional. Adopting a critical approach will tend to negatively impact on the overall quality of the interaction between the healthcare professional and the patient.The healthcare professional has also sought to ensure that she has accommodated the health beliefs of the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culture. Such a capability is especially critical in fostering a relationship of trust with the patient. In accommodating the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s beliefs, the stage has been set for the patient to accept the guidance of the healthcare professional as it pertains to the healthcare intervention that will be prescribed. Essentially, the healthcare profession al has explored the cultural impact of the healthcare interventions that have been adopted by the patient. In this way, the healthcare professional can be able to structure the argument for the need for the western healthcare intervention by using the tenets of the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culture. In assuring patient acceptance, the health professional has positioned herself such that she appears to empathize with the patient. Moreover, she has offered her support to the patient. The culminating result is the creation of a quality and effective alliance between the patient and the healthcare professional.Cultural beliefs, values and traditions have the capacity to significantly impact health education efforts. In educating people on the best healthcare approaches, there is need to remove any bias that might impact the comprehension of the health principle being taught. In a bid to mitigate the potential for collision between the current understanding and the understanding being taught, there is need to ensure that a quality and effective approach is employed. A critical approach should not be adopted. As has been witnessed in the second video clip featuring a bad interaction between a patient and a healthcare professional, adopting a critical approach tends to breed mistrust in the interaction (University of Michigan, n.d.). The individual being taught will tend to have a negative view of the new information being provided.The approach to be employed ought to be focused on accommodating the currently held knowledge with the new knowledge being taught. In the video clip featuring a quality interaction between a patient and a healthcare professional, the professional has strived to ensure that the traditional understanding held by the patient has been featured in the healthcare intervention that will be adopted. It is then apparent that traditions, values and cultural beliefs have a significant impact on the health education efforts. In order to amplify the potentia l success of the education efforts, the avenues used have to be advised by the need to accommodate the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culture in the proposed healthcare intervention.From the two videos that have been featured herein, it is apparent that culture has a significant bearing on the effectiveness of the health education efforts. It can then be postulated that healthcare professionals have to be aware of a patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s cultural understanding regarding the best approach to employ when treating a certain healthcare condition. In this way, the healthcare professional will be able to reduce the potential for a patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lack of acceptance of the proposed healthcare interventi...

Keynesian Economics For American Fiscal Policy - 2241 Words

Pragmatism reactionarily stems from the excesses of its past. The realization in United States politics that increasing government tax rates would not solve the economic malaise of high unemployment and rising inflation occurred in the late 1970s. Thus began a movement in the minority of economic thought suggesting the existence of a prudent alternative to the widely accepted theory of Keynesian economics for American fiscal policy. Though subtle at first, these ideas of supply-side economics gained traction quickly and reached the national stage with Ronald Reagan’s Inaugural address and promise to end the troubles of stagflation and begin the â€Å"[reawakening of] this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to†¦show more content†¦The crux of Ronald Reagan’s economic policy, the tax cuts, paved the road for success in the improvement of the economy. The promised effect of an increase in federal revenues and reduction in the cost of c apital for America’s private sector necessitated the lowering of marginal tax rates that occurred in Ronald Reagan’s first term. The embodiment of these reductions and much of the credit for the economic rebound of the mid 1980s can be assigned to the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut Act of 1981. Reagan’s trickle down economics strategy held underpinnings in his belief that the nation’s wealthiest individuals and captains of industry had been disincentivized to earn more money from the oppressive tax rates of his predecessors. Accordingly, Kemp-Roth cut the top tax rate from 70% to 50% as recognition of the disproportionate financial capability of the nation’s top earners to reintroduce prosperity. Additionally, Kemp-Roth provided benefits to the affluent by increasing the estate tax exemption from $175,000 to $600,000 and by increasing deductions therein to further circumvent the re-taxation of hereditary wealth. While Reagan entrusted the top tax bracket with t he responsibility of spending these funds as part of his plan to end the prolonged period of unemployment, Reagan also included provisions in the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut that affected all workers by removing

The Struggle For Gender Equality - 1800 Words

Is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Previous to the twentieth century, women were unable to vote in Europe, which contributed towards a disparity between genders. Early twentieth century saw the majority of working class women’s lives across Europe revolving around household and family duties, with the education world being closed to them and the opportunity of having a job restricted. This immediately shows an inequality and divide between women and men, showing evidence that woman was living ‘in a man’s world’. However things began to evolve during the twentieth century as it witnessed many European countries in giving women the political right to vote. Primarily, Finland gave women the vote in 1906, Britain followed although not until 1928, and Italy finally accepted women should vote in 1945. Although the passing of these laws demonstrate emancipation towards women, is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Essen tially the struggle for gender equality was not completely triumphant during the twentieth century, as although women were successful in gaining the vote, this was only one aspect towards achieving gender equality. Firstly in Britain in 1894, the Local Government Act allowed women who own property to vote locally, however it was only a small amount of women who this concerned, therefore had littleShow MoreRelatedDamned If I Don t : Women s Struggle For Gender Equality1586 Words   |  7 Pages201 April 27, 2015 Damned if I Do, Damned if I Don’t: Women’s Struggle for Gender Equality Inequality between men and women has been occurring since the beginning of time. Over the years, activists for feminism have fought to close the gender gap that has put a setback on all aspects of a woman’s life. From marriage, to work, politics, and even parenting, sexism plays a key role in shaping the lives of those around it. Gender expectations are a cruel part of society that affect many aspectsRead MoreThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of women in contemporary Turkey is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle. Many women are killed because of the â€Å"Honor crimes†. Women cannot have an abortion easily. Also, they cannot go out alone or live alone either. There are too many situations that women face in Turkey. Also women have rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, vote, work with fair wages or equal pay, own property, education and have marital and par ental rights. Even most of their rights are protected by legalRead MoreIntroduction. 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While Ralph Ellison incorporates ‘the Brotherhood’ in Invisible Man, which is supposed to advocate for equality, the members of the group still do not put focus on the feminist m ovement. Women are sexualized, objectified, and not seen as equal to men on countless occasions. In Invisible Man, RalphRead MoreFeminism : A Controversial Issue1304 Words   |  6 Pages In recent discussions on Feminism, a controversial issue has been that the term itself attracts negative attention, despite its endless efforts towards equality for both genders. On one hand, some argue the word should be changed to a more appropriate term that doesn’t attract hostile viewpoints. On the other hand, others argue the word should remain the same, however, people should be educated on the actual intentions of feminism—and not base their understandings off of the recent misguided interpretationsRead MoreWhy Do People Struggle For Accept Those Who Are Different From Themselves?1479 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people struggle to accept those who are different from themselves? As one of many age old questions, examples of discrimination have been traced throughout history f or ages. There are many categories of discrimination and inequality, including those aimed at people due to their race, sexual orientation, and gender. Gender inequality in specific has gone through a vast amount of changes, especially as women eventually began to speak out against the rules and laws that bound them. They protestedRead MoreThe Left Hand Of Darkness1538 Words   |  7 PagesAi’s Journey That Lead To Equality Ursula K Le Guin once stated that â€Å"I am a man. Now you may think I’ve made some kind of silly mistake about gender, or maybe that I’m trying to fool you, because my first name ends in a, and I own three bras, and I’ve been pregnant five times, and other things like that that you might have noticed, little details† (The Wave In the Mind pg 3) discloses that no matter what â€Å"role† is placed on a gender, it is paramount to preserve equality and acceptance. In mostRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 Pageswhich states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started in the 1830’s as a basic sociological theory, sayingRead MoreGender Roles Are Ensuring For Children877 Words   |  4 PagesGender roles are ensuring that children grow up to be mediocre. Sexist stereotypes that were functional at one time are increasingly irrelevant, causing young adults to form a safe haven from the real world. Feminists today are relishing in the results of their predecessors rather than continuing the fight. Combining the recent phenomenon of â€Å"Guyland† with failing to keep momentum in feminism we’re setting up the next generation for struggle. It is in the interest of our society to continue to striveRead MoreTorture and Irrational Detention1719 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom of expression, association, and religion remain accustomed in Eritrea today. Gender discrimination is the unfair treatment or unequal protection of rights of a certain gender, usually women (Gender+Discrimination). The country of Eritrea face s the central issue of unequal rights of women and gender minorities. Unequal rights in Eritrea include treating women poorly, in a country that has declared gender disparity against women unconstitutional, and depriving women of their natural rights

Competition Policy Role in Country Economic Development - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competition Policy Role in Country Economic Development. Answer: Competition Policy Role in Countrys Economic Development Competition describes the rivalry among the companies in marketplace and stretches to the envisaged and potential rivalry. On the other hand, competition policy describes the government policy that preserve or promote the competition among the players in the market as well as promote additional government policies as well as process which allow development of competitive environment (Lipczynski, Wilson and Goddard 2005). Competition policy plays a key role in economic development of any economy. To be efficient and effective in supporting the process of development, competition policy and law (CLP) should be supported as well as compatible with additional complementary pro-development polices which is able to bear on the countrys economic development. Competition policy has 2 key instruments. The 1st instrument is the competition law that encompass the rules to restrict anti-competitive market and enforcement mechanism like an authority. The 2nd key instrument is the competition advocacy which is especially significant in interface with additional economic policies. The developing economies are often beset by a range of obstacles to competition. An urgent need is required for an effective competition policy and law. Owing to a range of market features and legal as well as challenges in enforcement, it remains harder to undertake the implementation of competition law and policy in the developing economies than in developed economies. The uncompetitive markets remain a greater problem in the developing economies. The need for effective competition law enforcement remains great. Competition policy has a direct effects of increasing efficiency. The indirect effects of competition policy is strengthening the impact of policies promoting the economic development for example, the indirect effects will include strengthening impact of policies promoting economic development including investment and FDI; financial development; international trade; economic policies (private sector development, institutional reform, policies-health and education). The final macro-level objective of competition policy in terms of economic development is the sustained increases in the human welfare for as many as feasible (White 2008). The competition law and its enforcement as one of the instrument of competition policy, lead to the direct effect of freer competition culminating in enhanced efficiency and higher consumer welfare. Extent Competition Policy/Legislation Deterred Anti-Competitive Behavior in SA Competition policy is a portion of novel international orthodoxy in the economic policy, and concurrently, was perceived in SA as a vital aspect of economic transformation. The competition authority in South Africa has been assisting the private sector to be a level playing ground, free from the type pf prices and quality manipulation which keeps certain companies thriving, whereas others struggling to make entry or make any type of headway in the industries. The barriers to entry in SAs markets have come down and the authority has created the environment for prices to decline and quality to improve. For example, the intervention of the SAs Competition Commission and Competition Tribunal in the soda ash market culminate in SA becoming the global lowest-priced soda ash producer. This created the soda ash consumers influx from Kenya, America and India thereby benefiting SA soda ash industry. The competition authority intervened in the concrete pipes industry where the prices were influenced by a concrete pipes cartel encompassing Aveng Africa, Conrite Walls, and Southern Pipeline Contractors. Such anti-competitive was eliminated thereby leading to a fall in prices of concrete pipes after the tribunal intervention that disbanded the cartel in year 2007 between 25-and 30%. This is because five novel firms made entry to the market in regions that were reserved initially for the members of the cartel. The former members of cartel had to expand their geographic regions of operations thereby bringing competitive commodity choices to consumers who were initially limited by outputs of cartel. The prices of concrete dropped by 37.0% and 27.0% in Durban and Johannesburg from mid-2009 to mid-2011. This was a typical case of consumer being overpriced in the course of cartel existence. The dramatic reduction in drug price for the treatment of HIV/AIDS following the commissions finding that key international drug firms were overpricing. The efforts of the commission in conjunction with NGOS as well as foundation saw the improvement in QoL of several South Africans, assisting them to remain active contributors to the SAs economy (Competition Act 89 of 1998). The prohibition of the merger between Pick n Pay with Fruit Veg by the commissions further removed the anti-competitive behaviors as can be observed when visiting Food Lovers Market. The work of the commission has been due to strategic and deliberate emphasis on industries with hugest potential to deliver SAs economic development like agro-chemicals processing, food and construction. References Competition Act 89 of 1998. Lipczynski, J., Wilson, J. and Goddard, J., 2005. Industrial organization: competition, strategy, policy (p. 780). Pearson Education Limited, Prentice Hall, London. White, L.J., 2008. The role of competition policy in the promotion of economic growth.

Organizational Structure at Emerson Essay Example

Organizational Structure at Emerson Essay To meet their strategic goals, Emerson must properly match their strategies with the correct organizational structure. If the structure of an organization and its corporate strategy are not properly matched then the management will not be as effective as it should be in the organization. Having an organizational structure is a very vital part of implementing a strategy. Purpose of Organization Structure The organizational structure determines the company’s procedures, controls, decision making process and reporting relationships. Structure is a very significant part of implementing a strategy effectively. When the company’s strategies are determined, the structure of the organization will then determine the work that needs to be accomplished and how it is performed. The manager’s task and the decisions that were made from the tasks are influenced by the structure of the organization. Structures are there to give stability. The company needs the stability to be able to implement the strategies successfully. They also need structure to keep the competitive advantage that they currently possess while forming new advantages for future needs. As a company grows there will eventually be a need for the strategy to change in order to continue their success in the industry. As a result of the new strategy, the organizational structure may have to be adjusted to supports the changes made in the company strategies. Emerson Structure Options Emerson has three options of organizational structures to choose when implementing their strategy. The different structures include simple structure, functional structure and multidivisional structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Structure at Emerson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The simple structure is a structure where the staff serves under the manager’s authority while the manager makes all the major decisions for the company. The functional structure has the functional line managers in the areas of the organization where it is dominant (HR, production, accounting). This structure includes a CEO and limited corporate staff. Multidivisional Structure is used when the company is seeking more diversification. It includes operating divisions and a corporate office. Is structure is mainly used as an organization structure since diversification is used in the global economy as a dominant corporate-level strategy. For the Emerson Company, the functional structure can be used to implement their strategy. To continue achieving the lowest cost with the highest quality and performance, they will need to implement the integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy. To achieve this, part of the decision making in the company will need to be decentralized and also centralized. The tasks will need to be partially specialized. This will ensure that the combine strategies work together properly without offsetting one another. The multidivisional structure used to implement strategy for the Emerson Company is SBU. The strategic business unit form of multidivisional structure includes a corporate headquarters, many strategic units and divisions for those units. In this structure, the headquarters office controls and observes all of the SBU which are each profit centers. This structure will help the businesses that related work together to focus on more specific customer needs. This also helps the headquarters keep better control of the finances, strategies and performances. The option of a simple structure would not serve to implement Emerson’s strategies. This is because Emerson is a diversified organization with over 50 divisions. It would not be possible for on person to be able to oversee every operation alone. This would be completely contrary to the importance of using a multidivisional structure to implement Emerson’s strategy. Without the proper organizational structure, there is a chance of not achieving the strategic goals for the company. The many options of structures to chose have their beneficial characteristics when properly utilized when implementing a strategic plan. This could actually determine the fate of an organization if management is not careful enough.

Marketing Myopia Essay Example

Marketing Myopia Essay Example Marketing Myopia Paper Marketing Myopia Paper Marketing Management I Assignment 1 Marketing Myopia Myopia refers to nearsightedness or shortsightedness. Marketing myopia refers to the myopia shrouding the vision of certain companies or industries. It occurs when the company/industry focuses mainly on selling its products and services, instead of paying attention to the needs of the consumers. They concentrate their efforts on selling, instead of marketing their product. They tend to ignore the adage, â€Å"the Customer is King†, which more often than not results in disastrous consequences. The concept of Marketing Myopia is applicable to Indian companies as well. Many Indian companies historically have failed to define their purpose from the consumers’ point of view. These firms have focused more on producing their goods and services and then finding customers to sell them to, instead of getting to know the consumers’ needs and then producing goods to meet those needs. The situation was made worse by the licensing era and closed Indian economy till 1991, which led to little competition for firms. This resulted in customers having to buy products of only those companies, which created a high demand for their products. One Indian company that suffered from marketing myopia and paid a heavy price for it is Hindustan Motors (HM). It was founded in 1942 by Mr. B. M. Birla, and was the producer of the Ambassador and the Contessa cars. Hindustan Motors: The History The Ambassador began production in 1958, and was based on the Morris Oxford, a British car. It was an extremely popular car in the Indian market for several decades. It had a constantly growing market, initially due to the prestige associated with the car, and later due to the growing affluence of the population, and was helped by the fact that its only rival till 1983 was the Premier Padmini. There was a long waiting period to acquire an Ambassador, and the company was reaping huge profits, without having to focus on consumer needs. Also, Hindustan Motors did not invest money in RD and did not try to improve its cars’ features. . There was a ready market for their product, and they just had to produce their car for it to be sold. 983: Maruti Suzuki enters the market However, the situation changed n 1983, with the introduction of the Maruti 800 by Maruti Suzuki. Consumers now had another car to choose from, and the 800 was like a breath of fresh air in the Indian automobile industry. It ate into a huge chunk of the Ambassador’s market share, as Indians now preferred this feature-packed family car. Hindustan Motors did take some init iative to ward off the threat posed by the Maruti 800 by launching its own luxury car, the Contessa, in 1983. It included a number of high-end features, and was targeted at affluent buyers looking for a luxury option. In addition, HM were also helped by the fact that the Ambassador was the only Indian car with a Diesel variant. During that time, the difference between the price of Petrol and Diesel was significant, and a lot of price-sensitive consumers preferred it to the 800. Due to its spacious size, it also became a popular choice amongst taxi operators. Lastly, a very significant market for the Ambassador was the Government. It was the first choice for most bureaucrats, and the Government accounted for over 16% of the total sales. These factors combined to mitigate the effect of the introduction of the Maruti 800 in the Indian market. 1991: The beginning of the end In 1991, the Indian economy was liberalized, and the Indian markets were opened for Foreign Direct Investment. In due course, a number of new automobile companies entered the market, and the consumers had a lot of options to choose from. The pursuers now became the pursued, and foreign companies supplied better cars at cheaper prices. These cars were packed with features, and the parents companies put in efforts to market their products in a new market. All these factors were missing in the Ambassador and the Contessa, and the money-wielding consumers gladly shifted base to other brands. Where Hindustan Motors lost the plot As discussed by Theodore Levitt, Hindustan Motors made the grave error of taking its customers for granted. They were under the belief that their growth was assured by an expanding and more affluent population, and belief that there is no competitive substitute for the car industry. These conditions were coupled with the fact that the Indian economy pre-liberalization did not have major rivals for them within the industry, and that the Ambassador was the vehicle of choice for Government officials. Over the course of 5 decades, the Ambassador was never changed drastically. There were only cosmetic changes made to the car, and from 1958 till 2000, only 3 upgrades were made. The company never tried to keep up with the changing market environment by varying the looks of its cars, or offering better features that might attract customers by choice and not due to a lack of choice. Hindustan Motors also made the surprising decision of not varying their price to increase sales. Currently, the price of the Ambassador starts at Rs. 4. 2 lakhs, which is sufficient to buy a feature-packed and trendier sedan offered by other companies. There are also several hatchbacks being made available to the consumers at cheaper prices. Hence, even today, the company is not focusing on the needs of the Indian consumer, who are sensitive to price, mileage, features and status. Hindustan Motors has also been dealt a huge blow by the shifting of allegiance on the part of the taxi operators, and Government officials. Government officials started shifting to better and safer cars ever since Atal Bihari Vajpayee started using a BMW 7-Series Sedan as his official car as Prime Minister. HM has lost a huge chunk of its customers, since they failed to focus on their needs, and adapt accordingly. They could have leveraged on their history of being the unofficial car provider to the Indian Government by coming up with new models that would satisfy their needs. Taxi operators have also moved on to the Tata Indica and Toyota Innovas to provide better service to their consumers. They stopped production of the Contessa in 2002 following low demand, and it seems like the Ambassador will be going down the same path soon at this rate. The decision by HM to continue production of the Ambassador and not invest in RD to launch a new car has been a surprising one. That being said, one positive step that HM has taken has been to enter into a Joint Venture with Mitsubishi in 1998 in India. However, in our opinion, the Mitsubishi brand is more apparent to the consumers, and most people do not know about the JV. Hence, Hindustan Motors have failed to respond to the consumer needs and market changes. Globally, cars like the Toyota Corolla, Volkswagen Beetle, Buick Regal have been in the market for decades, and have adapted to the customer and industry demands to have strong sales figures even today. Closer to home, the Maruti 800 also managed to attract new customers over the years by keeping itself relevant in the market. Hindustan Motors have unfortunately been unable to capitalize on their brand value, and the automobile giant of yesteryears has now been reduced to a miserable entity in the current car market.

Communication with My Father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Communication with My Father - Essay Example My communication with my father is also characterized by kindness. I have a feeling that my father favors me over my siblings. Thus, he is often kind and gentle to me than to my brothers and sisters. I feel this is unfair and should be changed so that my siblings will enjoy the same privileges I enjoy. Nevertheless, I am grateful to my father for showing me kindness each day. He has been very supportive of me since I was a child. We spend time doing a lot of things and telling stories. We enjoy each other’s company and often while away time with stories to tell. He is like a best friend to me whom I can count on in times of disappointments. However, unlike a friend who expects something in return, he does not pressure me to comply with his expectations. This is so because I know what he wants for me and I usually do what I think would please him. I do not ever want to disappoint him because he is my role model. If I fail to be good, I know that he will be disappointed. Thus, t o avoid disappointing him, I study hard and limit the time I spend with my friends. In return, he is very kind to me and supports me in every endeavor. Love is also an important factor in our communication. The love of my father serves as my fountain of gladness. It gives me the motivation to strive hard and succeed in my dream, express hope and compassion towards others, and deal with other people with respect. I can feel the love of my father as he communicates with me. He is always to my benefit.

Fulfilling the promise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fulfilling the promise - Essay Example eve through various ways, and I will strongly agree to the fact that America has made a wide progress towards achieving â€Å"The Promise of America Life†. â€Å"Organized labor had never been more powerful than at the end of World War II. Cold War page 798† â€Å"A knowledge of history is, in addition, a means of strength. (John F. Kennedy paragraph 7, line 1), we realize that this led to the increment of in the number of women workforce in 1953 as well as the increment of job opportunity. During this period, America improved their civil and voting rights. American democracy was reshaped thrusting the federal government more deeply into economic and social life. America experienced the Atomic Age as well as the communist period, thus the country tried to fight against the communist in the state. â€Å"During the social, political, and military crisis of the 1960s, Americans had largely taken the economy for granted. Living with Less (page 880).† This was all brought by failing of businesses, government and economists, multinational giant strategies combined to weaken the foundation prosperity. â€Å"†¦.United states began as an underdeveloped nation which seized its independence by carrying out a successful revolution†¦ (John F. Kennedy paragraph 6 line 3).† The shortage oil spread well beyond gas stations, truck drivers blockaded highways to protest the high cost of fuels and low speed limits, and this challenged the state and thus contributed to the realization of, The Promise of America Life. â€Å"There is little that is more important for an American citizen to know than the history and traditions of his country† (John F. Kennedy paragraph 1 line 1). The Cold War marked the age of globalization, as the state established regional relations to various countries worldwide and contributed to the development of new communication technologies which sped up the global flow of news, ideas and money through the development of communication satellites. It also saw the

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Example for Free

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, very popular for his of contribution of theories on the concept of medicalization. He has published many books on medicalization and has presented to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease. Medicine is a major therapy tool in social life and without proper medication human life could be highly constrained by many diseases surrounding it. Ivan Illich has had a contribution in the field of medicalization as a philosopher by constructing theories that various medics have followed in their practice. Iatrogenesis is a term that is used to refer an illness that come from medical activity and outweighs any positive benefit of medicine. Iatrogenesis was introduced into social science by Illich. According to Illich, iatrogenesis had adverse effects on the industrial society as it enhanced the corruption, incapacitated individuals and limited freedom in an industrial set up. Illich outlined three major types of iatrogenesis, these are; clinical, social and cultural iatrogenesis. Illich has theorized various ideas in medicalization and society. This essay will point out some theories that highlight whether Illich was a prophet or a rumormonger in society and show some evidence based on his approaches in medicalization. The essay will as well focus on the notion of iatrogenesis and statistics that has been conducted in the UK based on statistics. Finally, the essay will show some assumptions of Illich on medicalization and also how iatrogenesis can be prevented in society. According to statistics in the UK, it indicates that the estimation of 215,000 deaths every year have been caused by iatrogenic, whereby cancer and the heart disease are seen to be causing more deaths in every year(Shaffer, Philips, Enzer, 2009, p.241). Iatrogenic effects in several cases are fully defined and can be recognized easily, for instance those complications that need a surgical procedure. However, the less obvious complications need significant investigation to recognize, such as difficult drug interactions. Ivan Illich who was a researcher and a multilingual prolific writer on issues related to society and medicine attributed his concepts of medicalization and proposed his views towards the modern medicine in the society. Illich argued that the notion of medicine had deprived individuals and society of their capacity to cope with sickness and death (Basford, Lynn Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). Therefore, based on Illich, iatrogenesis cannot be understood unless it is seen specifically medical manifestation of particular counter productivity. Illich therefore points out main three levels of iatrogenesis. The first level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is depicted to the patients by unproductive, toxic and insecure treatment to the patients. The second level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of medicalization of life, and thirdly cultural iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of the destruction of traditional ways of dealing with and making sense of death, pain and illness. Based on the evidence in his works of medicine described for over twenty years, it is noted that Illich was not a rumormonger, but a philosophical prophet, based on his predictions and research on the concept of iatrogenesis. Ivan Illich has traced contemporary idea of the issue of epidemic in the societal context and this notion has greatly focused on the main assumptions that lead to that epidemic. Based on his ideas, he argued on the progressing views on medicine, there is an empowerment model that has evolved out of the realization of epidemic and, therefore, patients cannot be forced to follow a lifestyle dictated by others towards the problem of medicalization. Based on Ivan Illichs theories on his perspectives towards natural health, medicine undermines health of individuals not only based directly on aggression, but also over the impact of its social organization on the milieu. On that context, when the medical damage to the health of an individual is produced based on the sociopolitical mode of transmission. Thus, according to Illich, social iatrogenesis is designated in all impairments on regard to health that specifically to those socio-economic revolutions which have been made pretty, probable, or essential by the formal shape health care has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Thus, based on his views towards the medicalization, the assumptions that erupt prevail that Illich was one person in the society who was seen as a prophet. Most people considered his ideas more especially his aspects on the iatrogenesis and through his open minded on the society, they regard his views to be those of a prophet. The iatrogenic death has become the third leading cause of death in the UK, surpassing the death by stroke. Based on different sources indicate that, between 200,000 and 250, 000 people are reported to die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the hospital setting (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On the same note, it is seen that deaths by ADRs kills over five times as the illegal combined in every year and that is the most conservative estimate that is outlined. Thus, the prescription drug Vioxx kills an estimate of 60,00 people by cardiac arrest alone and this figure does not reflect and account for any other fatal side effects such as the internal bleeding. In most cases, medicine undermines health and this is not only based on direct aggression against individuals but it has also an impact on the social organization on the total milieu. Therefore, medical damage to the individual health is enacted by the social iatrogenesis. This defines all the deficiencies that subdue to health a nd are due precisely to those socio-economic revolutions that have been made impressive, possible by the established shape health care. Iatrogenesis has many dimensions as per Ivan Illich’s concept. The undesirable side-effects of approved, mistaken, callous or contra-indicated technical contacts with the medical system represent only first level of pathogenic medicine. The belief of people that they cannot cope with illness without modern medicines reinforces and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by surrendering themselves to the doctors. According to Illich, he illustrates that the social iatrogenesis is not yet acknowledged as a collective etiology of sickness. He outlines that the diagnosis often serves as a means of turning political grievances besides the stress of growth into needs for more remedies that are just more of its expensive and demanding outputs, the industrial system would lose one of its major defenses. On the same note, responsiveness of the extent to which iatrogenic ill health is politically-communicated would shake the basics of medical power much more deeply than any catalogue of medicines technical faults. Based on this fact, his works and ideas portray the assumption of his research and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but can be seen as a prophet in several aspects since his predictions indicated the notion of reality. Iatrogenesis designates a condition of illness, disease, injury or hostile health brought upon a patient as an indirect or direct result of medical diagnosis or cure. Therefore, when iatrogenesis gets into pain, there are numerous common varieties of iatrogenesis, that subsidize to the on-set of symptoms, as well as the dissemination and worsening of existing conditions. Acute postoperative pain is followed by insistent pain in 10-50% of individuals after mutual operations, such as breast and thoracic surgery, groin hernia repair, and coronary artery bypass surgery leg amputation (Gould, Brooker Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrogenic complications are very common most people who are affected are the elderly than the young patients. These complications include the adverse effects as the interactions, falls, nosocomial infections, Pressure ulcers and other relevant complications to surgery, however, prevention is often possible, (Odea Erikson, 2010, p.341). For example, the large percentage t hat is affected is the men. The statistics indicate that women live longer than women, however, the spend most of their lives with different disparities. The smoking rates between women in UK were slightly low compared to men, thus women smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%. The initial step in stoppage is to categorize patients at high risk in order to know the way forward in which to help that particular individual. Risk factors may include the following. Prevention is the most crucial factor and determining the effective way to prevent such assumption is to overlook on that factors that contribute to such infections. After full recognition of that factors, focusing on the proper measures that should be taken into consideration to avoid those elements that affect the situation (Miller, 2013, p.178). Thus, interventions that can prevent iatrogenic complications may include the following: addressing proper medication to the patient by relying on primary evidence. In conclusion, Illich can be considered a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet according to religion is a person who can tell about the future. This declaration has evolved from a number of his assumptions on medicine and his approaches towards the medicalization that are entirely based on his research of over twenty years. For instance, in UK there are several individuals who die of diseases linked to the effect of iatrogenesis in every year. This aspect is seen to affect the elderly people more than the young. Illichs views on medicalization are shown to be very significant to the society as they enlightened individuals to be aware of some aspects that lead to iatrogenesis. With the evidence on health system, his philosophies are examined to be very significant in society since they mainly focused on the main areas that analyze medicalization. His predictions in several aspects support his research on the health systems in society and this fully defines him as a prophet. It ha s been documented that no substantial addition to life expectancy or the quality of life critically ill patients has been achieved by high tech cost medical technology. As a contrast, there are many medical interventions, which are simple, cheap and often without any need of medicine yet are quite effective. However, such simple remedies are often neglect or ignored altogether. medicalization encourages our dependence on professional care, and on medical drugs. References Basford, L. Oliver S. 2003. Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Patient Care. Cheltenham, U.K: Nelson Thornes. Gould, D., Brooker, C., Gould, D. 2008. Infection prevention and control: applied microbiology for healthcare. Basingstoke [England], Palgrave Macmillan. Kazer, M. W. 2008. Essentials of gerontological nursing. New York, Springer. Miller, A. B. 2013. Epidemiologic studies in cancer prevention and screening. New York, NY, Springer. ODea, J. A., Eriksen, M. P. 2010.Childhood obesity prevention: international research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford [U.K], Oxford University Press. Shaffer, D., Philips, I., Enzer, N. B. 2009.Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol, and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857), The Office. Source document

A Critique of Thank You for Smoking? :: Critical Essays

A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† had me interested from the title alone. This essay lists a few of the benefits that can occur from smoking. Bimelow is aware of the many dangers of smoking as he acknowledges â€Å"the Environmental Protection Agency has claimed that ‘second hand smoke’ is a significant risk for nonsmokers and the Food & Drug Administration is making noises about regulating nicotine as a drug† (The Genre of Argument 141). Brimelow’s essay gives some reasons why and how smoking can be beneficial in some small ways. The message Brimelow is trying to get out is that, â€Å"smoking might be, in some small ways, good for you† (141). Brimelow uses words and phrases such as â€Å"might be† and â€Å"some† to narrow down his major claim. Brimelow’s major claim that smoking can be healthy in some ways. In some studies, certain cancers have been shown to appear less in sm okers than nonsmokers. This leads us to believe that smoking may be beneficial in some ways. I think this essay is successful because of the evidence presented along with the narrow major claim. The author’s purpose in this essay is to show how smoking can be beneficial in some ways. Brimelow presents his credibility with studies from the International Journal of Epidemiology, New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Medical Association (Brimelow 142). He notes that smoking can both calm and stimulate people. Smoking has been shown to calm people while driving if they take long puffs. Smoking has also been shown to stimulate if taken in quick, short puffs. Brimelow reiterates this by telling us that â€Å"Current understanding is that nicotine is ‘amphoteric’ –that is, it can act to counter both conditions, depending on how it is consumed† (142). This is a reason how smoking can be beneficial. I would not think smoking could be beneficial in any way. However, Brimelow achieved his purpose in this essay and may have changed my mind. He used reliable resources for his evidence with studies that astonished me. I did not know some studies have shown some cancers to occur 50% less in smokers than nonsmokers. He gives a valid argument with these studies along with a theoretical example which I am still thinking about. A Critique of Thank You for Smoking? :: Critical Essays A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† had me interested from the title alone. This essay lists a few of the benefits that can occur from smoking. Bimelow is aware of the many dangers of smoking as he acknowledges â€Å"the Environmental Protection Agency has claimed that ‘second hand smoke’ is a significant risk for nonsmokers and the Food & Drug Administration is making noises about regulating nicotine as a drug† (The Genre of Argument 141). Brimelow’s essay gives some reasons why and how smoking can be beneficial in some small ways. The message Brimelow is trying to get out is that, â€Å"smoking might be, in some small ways, good for you† (141). Brimelow uses words and phrases such as â€Å"might be† and â€Å"some† to narrow down his major claim. Brimelow’s major claim that smoking can be healthy in some ways. In some studies, certain cancers have been shown to appear less in sm okers than nonsmokers. This leads us to believe that smoking may be beneficial in some ways. I think this essay is successful because of the evidence presented along with the narrow major claim. The author’s purpose in this essay is to show how smoking can be beneficial in some ways. Brimelow presents his credibility with studies from the International Journal of Epidemiology, New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Medical Association (Brimelow 142). He notes that smoking can both calm and stimulate people. Smoking has been shown to calm people while driving if they take long puffs. Smoking has also been shown to stimulate if taken in quick, short puffs. Brimelow reiterates this by telling us that â€Å"Current understanding is that nicotine is ‘amphoteric’ –that is, it can act to counter both conditions, depending on how it is consumed† (142). This is a reason how smoking can be beneficial. I would not think smoking could be beneficial in any way. However, Brimelow achieved his purpose in this essay and may have changed my mind. He used reliable resources for his evidence with studies that astonished me. I did not know some studies have shown some cancers to occur 50% less in smokers than nonsmokers. He gives a valid argument with these studies along with a theoretical example which I am still thinking about.

Lincoln: the Great Emancipator Essay

Until it was abolished in 1865, slavery thrived in the United States since the nation’s beginnings in the colony of Jamestown in 1607. In 1776, the founding fathers stated that â€Å"all men are created equal† when they declared independence and started a war that freed the 13 colonies from the oppressive rule of Great Britain. However, after â€Å"the land of the free† had been established, slavery had yet to be eliminated. After the war of 1812, sectionalism began to grow prevalent in America. The Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-1800s advanced the country technologically while further dividing it as the North became industrialized and the South became more agrarian and reliant on slave labor. Sectionalism was increased by westward expansion, and began to manifest itself in American politics. The country could have gone to war by the early 1800s, but various political compromises held the two sections together for another half of a century. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 are two important examples. Tensions built over the 40 years of compromise. Abolitionists worked to gain support in the North while they caused outrage in the South. In the government, everything had to be compromised and everything was a competition, such as legislature and westward expansion. Fortunately, when sectionalism and tensions around slavery boiled over, Abraham Lincoln came to the forefront of US politics. He created a reputation for himself and the Republican Party with a political platform against the expansion of slavery. He became known in the South as an abolitionist through the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and his election in 1860 sparked the secession of 11 southern states from the Union and the beginning of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln was the most important contributor to ending slavery in America because of his actions toward winning the Civil War and emancipating the slaves, and he was able to do this because he was an extraordinary politician who handled the circumstances as nobody else could have managed. Abraham Lincoln’s ability as a politician was crucial in his role as commander-in-chief of the US army during the Civil War, because to end slavery, Lincoln knew he had to win the war. The first thing Lincoln did as president, in his Inaugural Address, was try to calm the frantic South, re-stating that he had â€Å"no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists,† (Halsall). Lincoln’s  primary goal was to preserve the Union. As he put it, â€Å"If I could save the union without freeing any slave, I would do it,† (Majerol, 25-26). He needed the support for the war from the Northern citizens, many of whom were not abolitionists. Lincoln was faced with another difficult issue throughout the Civil War. Four states—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware—held slaves but remained in the Union. If Lincoln waged a war that strongly opposed slavery, he risked losing those Border States to the Confederacy, which would probably cost him the war. Another issue that Lincoln had to deal with over the course of the war was incompetent generals. Lincoln discharged many of his generals throughout the war, which made it difficult to carry out his plans. In a telegram to General McClellan, Lincoln urged him to attack Lee â€Å"The present hesitation to move upon an entrenched enemy is but the story of Manassas repeated,† but McClellan ignored the order (Ayers et. al, 369). It was not until Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander of all Union armies that he started having consistent success. If Lincoln had not been elected president, slavery may have continued for much longer in America. Besides the fact that Lincoln, as commander-in-chief, lead the Union Army to win the Civil War, the many proposed compromises in 1860 and 1861 might have allowed slavery to continue in America, such as the Crittenden Compromise. Another important way that Lincoln’s skill as a politician benefited the Union was his treatment of the Confederacy. Lincoln reasoned that since it is unconstitutional to secede from the Union, the Confederacy and its government was illegitimate, and Lincoln’s administration refused to recognize the Confederacy’s independence. This became important later in the war when other nations refused to recognize the Confederacy’s independence. When the time was right, Abraham Lincoln masterfully changed the ideology of the war to focus on slavery, and he used the slaves themselves as a powerful force in the war and on the home front. Lincoln did this through the First and Second Confiscation Acts, the Emancipation Proclamation, and his Second Inaugural Address. Early in the war, three slaves escaped to the Union Army, raising the question of what to do with fugitive slaves. Under the Fugitive Slave Act, they had to be returned to their owners in the Confederacy. However, Lincoln adopted an ingenious policy of taking slaves as â€Å"contraband  of war,† treating them as property as the Confederacy did. Lincoln went on to sign the First Confiscation Act in August 1861, which emancipated slaves that escaped to Union lines. In July 1862, Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act, which essentially gave him the authority to emancipate the slaves in Confederate territory (on the grounds that they helped the war effort and were contraband). This legislation helped the Union Army greatly. Over 190,000 soldiers, sailors, and workers came to the Union Army from the Confederacy (McPherson, 193), and at the end of the war, African Americans made up 20 percent of the Union Army (Majerol, 26). The escaped slaves also influenced soldiers in the army who now â€Å"were talking with real men and women who had been (and perhaps still were) slaves,† (Goodheart, 15). However, a vastly more important document was the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln drafted the document in July 1862 and showed it to his cabinet. William Seward reminded him of the importance of timing, so Lincoln waited until the army won the Battle of Antietam to issue the Proclamation. In a letter Lincoln wrote in 1864, he stated â€Å"when, early in the war, Gen. Fremont attempted military emancipation, I forbade it, because I did not then think it in indispensable necessity.† Lincoln then cites two more examples of him holding off efforts at emancipation (Fehrenbacher, 257). When it was issued on January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was a turning point in the ideology of the war. It took a war that had been officially about preserving the Union and made it about ending slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation was a bold move for Lincoln to make because of the pro-slavery Border States. Lincoln had made â€Å"earnest, and successive appeals† there for compensated emancipation, but was rejected (Fehrenbacher, 257). He then had to make a choice between â€Å"surrendering the Union† or â€Å"laying a strong hand upon the colored element,† hoping to outweigh losses with benefits (Fehrenbacher, 258). Over a year later, Lincoln said he felt no losses, and a gain of 130,000 soldiers, seamen, and laborers. Lincoln certainly had good timing when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Britain and France were coming closer to aiding the Confederacy, and in Britain’s case, they only wanted the Confederacy to win one more battle to prove that they were on the winning side of the war. Antietam was a terrible loss for the South, and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation prevented Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy because they both had  anti-slavery governments, and the war was now about slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation was a wise move for Lincoln as an abolitionist, because it allowed blacks to fight in the military, which might lead to citizenship and the right to vote for blacks (â€Å"Civil War Black Soldiers†). Lastly, Lincoln focused public attention on the issue of slavery in his Second Inaugural Address, reminding the people know what their brothers were fighting for. Abraham Lincoln’s most important quality was that he was a great politician, which allowed him to manage the difficult situations put before him in order to provide actual results that ultimately ended slavery in America. Among these results were Union victory in the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, the First and Second Confiscation Acts, the Gettysburg Address, and the Thirteenth Amendment. The Union victory in the Civil War is a simple fact, but it was the most indispensable step to the end of slavery in America. Ending slavery meant nothing if the Union did not win the war and control the South again. Additionally, without a war in the first place, slavery might not have ended. It is possible that a compromise could have held the divided nation together without putting an end to slavery. Lincoln’s talent as a politician was also crucial in the Emancipation Proclamation when he released it in time to prevent any foreign nations from intervening and aiding the Confederacy. Lincoln showed his skill as a politician in the Lincoln-Douglass debates, when he took a careful stance on slavery that he thought would best suit the needs of the nation at the time. Lincoln was constantly stressing that he was not an abolitionist, and it was ridiculous to assume that â€Å"Just because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife,† (Fehrenbacher, 106). Lincoln proved himself when he ran against Douglas in the presidential election of 1860 and won. Lincoln orchestrated the defeat of the Confederacy and the end of slavery using his political position as president and commander-in-chief, and his cunning as a politician to influence the people of America. It could be argued that the slaves played a more vital role in securing their freedom than Abraham Lincoln did. The slaves had influential leaders such as Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. The Underground Railroad  freed hundreds of slaves, and it was led by a former slave, Harriet Tubman. Frederick Douglass wrote a book about his life as a slave which influenced public views of slavery in the North. He also published an abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. He also showed people that slaves were treated like animals and stripped of the quality that defines humans: independent thought. â€Å"these words sank deep into my heart, stirred up sentiments within that lay slumbering, and called to existence an entirely new train of thought,† (Douglass, 20). He told about how he was like other slaves until he learned to read and write, and became a human who was able to create his own destiny. These contributed to raising tensions and starting war, which was a necessary evil for slavery to be abolished and the Union to remain whole. These contributions also put pressure on the government to oppose slavery. Moreover, the 190,000 soldiers, sailors, and laborers who escaped slavery and came to the Union Army contributed greatly to the war effort, fighting valiantly and supporting the Army off the battlefield as well. By the end of the war, these soldiers made up 20 percent of the Union army, as well as influencing public opinion in the North. These were valuable aids to the end of slavery in America, and without them, slavery might not have ended in 1865. However, they are insubstantial compared to the contributions of Abraham Lincoln. First, the emancipation of nearly 200,000 slaves happened because Lincoln had not issued the Emancipation Proclamation and the First and Second Confiscation Acts. He transformed the ideology of a nation when he directed the war at slavery. In comparison with Lincoln’s monumental tasks, the contributions of slaves are insignificant. In conclusion, Abraham Lincoln was a more important constituent in ending Slavery in America than the slaves themselves because of his contributions as Commander-in-chief to win the Civil War and emancipate the slaves, and he was able to do this because he was an outstanding politician who handled the circumstances with unparalleled capability. Lincoln dealt with the difficult issue of fighting a war in which he could not make many bold decisions for fear of the Border States seceding, and he applied his ability as a politician to lead the Union to victory. Lincoln faced another difficult  issue of how to treat escaped slaves during the war, and altered the entire ideology of the war so that the focus was slavery. He did this with his First and Second Confiscation Acts and, most importantly, a well-timed Emancipation Proclamation. Lastly, Lincoln’s capability as a politician led to concrete actions he took towards ending slavery, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the Thirteenth Amendment, and of course, winning the Civil War, the element without which the end of slavery in America might not have been possible. Lincoln influenced the history of America and (unintentionally) became a martyr. Today, racial discrimination does not exist in US legislation and America is constantly getting closer to complete racial equality. Works Cited Ayers, Edward L., Jesus F. De la Teja, Deborah G. White, and Robert D. Schulzinger. American anthem. Ed. Sam Wineburg. Orlando. Fla.: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2009. â€Å"Civil War Black Soldiers.† , Black Soldiers, Robert Gould Shaw, 54th Massachusetts. 2007. Civil War Academy. 24 Jan. 2013 . Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Fehrenbacher, Don E. Abraham Lincoln. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1964. Goodheart, Adam. â€Å"How Slavery Really Ended in America.† New York Times 3 Oct. 2011: 12-15. Halsall, Paul. â€Å"Internet History Sourcebooks.† Internet History Sourcebooks. July 1998. Fordham University. 24 Jan. 2013 . Majerol, Veronica. â€Å"The Emancipation Proclamation.† The New York Times Upfront 7 Jan. 2013: 24-27. McPherson, James. â€Å"Who Freed the Slaves?† Drawn With the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. 1996. 192-207.

The Economics Of The Great Depression - 1684 Words

The Economics of the Great Depression The Great Depression, often acknowledged with the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but something that is so much more than that, was a decade of economic turmoil. The Great Depression lasted from 1929-1939 consuming a long grueling decade, and as defined by The History Channel, it â€Å"was the deepest and longest lasting economic downturn in the history of the western industrialized world† kicked into fast forward by the Stock Market Crash in the fall of 1929. During the fall of 1929, Wall Street was forced into a panic, causing unforeseeable effects to the United States stock market. Following in the crash, consumer spending and investments declined, resulting in a dramatic decline of the output of industries, which came hand in hand with the spike in unemployment as these industries continued downward employees began suffering the consequences and being laid off. Preceding the stock market crash, according to Hyperhistory.com, during the time period of May of 1928 and September 1929, the â€Å"average price of stocks will rise 40 percent. The boom is largely artificial.† This is important because America had entered a recession, similar to what the United States recently went through between 2007-2009, during the summer of 1929. The price of stocks rising 40 percent causing the prices to reach a price level that according to The History Channel, â€Å"could not be justified by anticipated future earnings†. People were spending far out of their means.Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Economic Depression Essay3400 Words   |  14 PagesSummary The Great Depression was an economic depreciation in Europe, North America and other industrialized areas globally that commenced in 1929 and endured until about 1939. The depression stirred severe effects in the U.S.A that left its economy on the brink of a downfall. 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